2025/2026/2027/2028 IGCSE Chemistry Revision Notes

• IGCSE Chemistry Notes for the Revised Sylalbus 2023 /2024/2025/2026/2027/2028 , with Expert-Exam-Tips are 100% exam-orianted, reliable, grade enhancing and an ultimate exam preparation tool.
• While there are many changes , only a few changes have been listed below, to make users understand the key changes and also appreciate the fact that paid sites create content with great responsibility as they hold themselves morally accountable for the users learning.This makes the content reliable and quality-controlled.

(1) It includes the new list of IGCSE CHemistry Topics named:

1. States of matter
2. Atoms, elements and compounds
3. Stoichiometry
4. Electrochemistry
5. Chemical energetics
6. Chemical reactions
7. Acids, bases and salts
8. The Periodic Table
9. Metals
10. Chemistry of the environment
11. Organic chemistry
12. Experimental techniques and chemical analysis

(2) Change in the number of topic for IGCSE Chemistry have been included in the notes

1. There are only 12 topics in the Revised Chemistry Syllabus Notes for 2023 /2024/2025/2026/2027/2028 , as against 14 topics present in the 2022 syllabus

(3) Removed Certain topics:

1. The topics : The Particulate Nature of Matter, Sulfur and Cabonates have been removed from the new syllabus [ 2023 /2024/2025/2026/2027/2028 ]and certain content has been included under new topics as per the Cambridge New Syllabus Requirements

(4) Major Content changes have taken place in the notes for IGCSE Chemistry for 2023 to 2025 Exams:

There is major re-distribution of content in the following lessons notes for IGCSE Chemistry 2023 /2024/2025/2026/2027/2028 Exams:

1. 'Acids, bases and Salts' and 'Experimental Techniques and Chemical Analysis' has content redistributed.
2. Aluminium extraction is now a part of the topic Metals.
3. Chemistry of the Environment is the new topic and includes new content along with content from earlier lesson 'Air and Water'
4. Other important changes, not listed here have also been included

(5) About Smart Exam Resources IGCSE Chemistry Notes :

1. Updated and Revised
2. Exam-Oriented and 100% aligned with MarkScheme and Examiner Requirements. Meaning, whe you reer to them, you cannot lose marks. While after referring to most notes, you still need to jot down key-points on post-its and stick them to your course-books or else, create your own notes, which you give =up eventually, Our Experts have flipped through 20+ years , mapped with the syllabus and ensured that you just get nothing but "The BEST Notes for IGCSE Chemistry".

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Exam Tips for [Experimental Techniques and Chemical Analysis]

• Tip 1: If you have been asked to Describe how to prepare pure dry crystals of of a soluble salt, example sodium sulfate from an aqueous solution of sodium sulfate, then your method must include the following :

Evaporate to point of crystallization . Then heat to form a saturated solution and then allow it to cool . Then filter the crystals and dry with filter paper . In case you wish to use an oven for drying, then you must mention, dry in drying oven .

Exam Tips for [Complete Organic Chemistry]

Homologous series:

• Tip 1: If you have to explain the meaning of the term homologous series, then in your answer it is mandatory to mention: Homologous series are compounds with similar chemical properties and same functional group .

Hydrocarbons:

• Tip 1: If you have to state the meaning of the term hydrocarbon, then it is essential to state it in this way: Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only

Exam Tips for [Stoichiometry]

Equations:

• Tip 1: When you have been given a word reaction and asked to predict the products of that reaction and state your answer as a symbol equation:
• For Example:
• Sodium reacts with fluorine to form sodium fluoride. Write a symbol equation for this reaction.[2],
• Note:
• You get one mark for writing the symbol of the product correctly. You get complete marks for writing the complete symbol equation correctly.
• Suggestion:
• Even if you are not sure of all the symbols of reactants and products, write all that you know. That way, you might be fortunate enough to score at least a mark. Remember, every mark counts!
• Note: You lose marks if you write the above statement , but forget to mention the word' chemical'

Exam Tips for [Atoms, Elements and Compounds]

Comparing properties of compounds

• Tip 1: While comparing the melting points of two compounds, in terms of structure and bonding, use words such as weaker/ stronger and don't just say ' weak or strong'. This is mandatory as per Cambridge examiner guidelines.
• Example: Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why SnCl₄ has a much lower melting point than SnO.
• Mark Scheme:
• M1 attraction between molecules or inter molecular forces in tin(IV) chloride M2 tin(II) oxide has a giant ionic structure M3 weaker attraction (between particles) in tin(IV) chloride ORA
• Ideal Answer:
• Tin(IV) chloride (SnCl) has a much lower melting point than tin(II) oxide (SnO) because SnCl consists of simple molecules held together by inter molecular forces. In contrast, SnO has a giant ionic structure with strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions. The inter molecular forces in SnCl are significantly weaker than the strong ionic bonds in SnO, requiring much less energy to overcome, resulting in a lower melting point.
• Note:

(1)While comparing the properties of two or more compounds, in terms of structure and bonding, use words such as weaker/ stronger and don't just say ' weak or strong'. This is mandatory as per Cambridge examiner guidelines.

(2) Ther alphabets er are underlined in the above mark scheme, indicating that it is mandatory to use comparison.

Tip 2: Dot -Cross Diagrams are Examiners favourite. It is important to practice drawing them.

Exam Tips for [Acids, Bases and Salts]

Making Salts:

• Tip 1:In salt-making, Powdered metal is added to dilute acid. The mixture is stirred. More zinc is added, with stirring, until the zinc is in excess. Zn(s) + H₂SO₄(aq) ? ZnSO₄(aq) + H₂(g) The mixture is then filtered.

Example:

Powdered zinc is added to dilute sulfuric acid. The mixture is stirred. More zinc is added, with stirring, until the zinc is in excess. Zn(s) + H2SO₄(aq) -> ZnSO₄(aq) + H₂(g) The mixture is then filtered. Since a gas is evolved, the following could be the observations that indicate that the metal zinc is in excess:

(1.) solid remains[ or the solid is undissolved

(2.)bubbling[ or effervescence or fizzing stops ]

Exam Tips for [Chemical Reactions]

Common Mistakes:

• Tip 1:You lose marks if you state the following as the characteristics of an equilibrium :
• (1) forward reaction = reverse reaction (without rate)
• (2) rates of reaction are constant (as opposed to equal)
• (3)concentrations of reactants and products are the same (as opposed to constant).

Correct is:

• Tip 1:The characteristics of an equilibrium are :
• (1)The rate of the forward reaction = rate of the reverse reaction
• (2) rates of reaction are equal
• (3)concentrations of reactants and products are the constant