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IGCSE Chemistry Notes Metallic bonding

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Syllabus Objectives

EXTENDED:

  • 1 Describe metallic bonding as the electrostatic attraction between the positive ions in a giant metallic lattice and a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons
  • 2 Explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties of metals:
  • (a) good electrical conductivity
  • (b) malleability and ductility

Revision Notes

IGCSE Chemistry Notes / Metallic Bonding

Definition: Metallic bonding is defined as the electrosatic attraction between the positive ions in a giant metallic lattice and a "sea" of delocalised electrons.

Describe metallic bonding as the electrostatic attraction between the positive ions in a giant metallic lattice and a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons

  • Metallic bonding is a third type of giant structure.
  • The metal atoms are closely packed together in a regular arrangement.
  • As they are very close to each other, the valence electrons tend to drift away from the atoms.
  • Thus a sea of delocalised ( mobile) electrons is formed surrounding the positive metal ions.
  • The positively charged metal ions are held together by their strong attraction to the mobile electrons that keep moving between the ions.
  • This is metallic bonding.
  • The electrostatic attraction between the metal ions and the electrons exists in all directions.

Explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties of metals:

  • (a) good electrical conductivity
  • (b) malleability and ductility
(a) good electrical conductivity
  • Metals have good electrical conductivity
  • Reason: When a voltage is applied, the delocalised electrons move through the metal lattice towards the positive pole of the cell or power pack.
  • But if the vibrations of atoms becomes faster due to high temperature , The electrons will not be able to move easily through the lattice.
  • That is why the electrical conductivity of a lattice decreases with an increase in temperature.b) malleability and ductility

(b)Metals are malleable and ductile.

Malleability-and-ductility-IGCSE-Chemistry-Notes

  • The positive ions in a metal are arranged regularly in layers.
  • When a force is applied, the layers can slide over each other.
  • In a metallic bond, the attractive forces between the metallic ions and the electrons exist in all directions.
  • So when the layers slide, new bonds can easily form.
  • This leaves the metal with a different shape.

 

Topic: Metallic Bonding / Test your Understanding

Click the highlighted blanks to reveal the correct answer.

1 Definition

1. Metallic bonding is the
________________ electrostatic
attraction between
________________ positive
metal ions and a
________________ sea
of delocalised electrons.
2. Metals consist of a giant
________________ metallic
lattice structure.
3. In metallic bonding, metal atoms lose their
________________ outer shell
electrons.
4. These atoms become
________________ positive
ions.
5. The electrons that are released become
________________ delocalised
electrons.
6. Delocalised electrons are free to
________________ move
throughout the structure.

2 Structure of Metals

7. The metal structure contains a regular arrangement of
________________ positive
metal ions.
8. These ions are surrounded by a
________________ sea
of delocalised electrons.
9. The strong
________________ electrostatic
attraction between ions and electrons holds the metal together.
10. This attraction forms the
________________ metallic
bond in metals.

3 Property of Metals: Good Electrical Conductivity

11. Metals are good
________________ conductors
of electricity.
12. This property is due to the presence of
________________ delocalised
electrons.
13. These electrons are able to
________________ move
freely through the metal lattice.
14. When a potential difference is applied, electrons begin to
________________ flow
.
15. The movement of electrons produces an
________________ electric
current.

4 Property of Metals: Malleability

16. Malleability is the ability of a metal to be
________________ hammered
into thin sheets.
17. In metals, atoms are arranged in
________________ layers
of metal ions.
18. These layers can
________________ slide
over each other when a force is applied.
19. The metal does not break because the
________________ delocalised
electrons continue to hold the ions together.

5 Property of Metals: Ductility

20. Ductility is the ability of a metal to be drawn into
________________ wires
.
21. Metals are ductile because layers of metal ions can
________________ slide
past one another.
22. The sea of
________________ delocalised
electrons keeps the structure bonded together.
23. This allows metals to change
________________ shape
without breaking.

6 Summary

24. Metallic bonding occurs between
________________ positive
metal ions and
________________ delocalised
electrons.
25. Metals conduct electricity because they contain
________________ delocalised
electrons that can move freely.
26. Metals are malleable and ductile because layers of metal ions can
________________ slide
while the metallic bonding remains intact.

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IGCSE Chemistry Revised Syllabus Notes[ 2023-2025 exams]

1-States of matter

2 Atoms, elements and compounds

3 Stoichiometry

4 Electrochemistry

5 Chemical energetics

6 Chemical reactions

7 Acids, bases and salts

8 The Periodic Table

9 Metals

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10 Chemistry of the environment

11 Organic chemistry

12 Experimental techniques and chemical analysis